Loading...
The expectancy bias: Expectancy-violating faces evoke earlier pupillary dilation than neutral or negative faces
Proulx,Travis Sleegers,W.W.A. Tritt,Shona
Proulx,Travis
Sleegers,W.W.A.
Tritt,Shona
Abstract
Humans maintain a negativity bias,whereby they perceive threatening stimuli to be more salient than rewarding or neutral stimuli. Across 6 within-subject experimental comparisons, we tested the hypothesis that humans maintain an even stronger expectancy bias, preferentially processing stimuli that violate mental representations of expected associations. To assess this bias, we measured variations in pupillary dilation as a means of determining attentional arousal in response to neutral, negative and expectancy-violating versions of the same social stimuli: human faces. We conducted three baseline manipulation checks that directly compared neutral faces with threatening (angry) and expectancy-violating (upside-down and Thatcherized) faces, and three bias comparisons that directly compared threatening and expectancy-violating faces with one another. Across these experiments, we found evidence for a dominant expectancy bias in pupillary arousal for social stimuli, whereby expectancy-violating faces produced pupillary dilation earlier than neutral and threatening faces, with Thatcherized faces producing the greatest magnitude of dilation.
Description
Date
2017
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Files
Research Projects
Organizational Units
Journal Issue
Keywords
expectancy-violation, threat, inconsistency, negativity bias, pupillary dilation
Citation
Proulx, T, Sleegers, W W A & Tritt, S 2017, 'The expectancy bias : Expectancy-violating faces evoke earlier pupillary dilation than neutral or negative faces', Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 70, pp. 69-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2016.12.003