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Emergence or Grammaticalization? The Case of Negation in Kata Kolok
Lutzenberger,Hannah Pfau,Roland de Vos,Connie
Lutzenberger,Hannah
Pfau,Roland
de Vos,Connie
Abstract
Typological comparisons have revealed that signers can use manual elements and/or a non-manual marker to express standard negation, but little is known about how such systematic marking emerges from its gestural counterparts as a new sign language arises. We analyzed 1.73 h of spontaneous language data, featuring six deaf native signers from generations III-V of the sign language isolate Kata Kolok (Bali). These data show that Kata Kolok cannot be classified as a manual dominant or non-manual dominant sign language since both the manual negative sign and a side-to-side headshake are used extensively. Moreover, the intergenerational comparisons indicate a considerable increase in the use of headshake spreading for generation V which is unlikely to have resulted from contact with Indonesian Sign Language varieties. We also attest a specialized negative existential marker, namely, tongue protrusion, which does not appear in co-speech gesture in the surrounding community. We conclude that Kata Kolok is uniquely placed in the typological landscape of sign language negation, and that grammaticalization theory is essential to a deeper understanding of the emergence of grammatical structure from gesture.
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Funding Information: Funding: FWO-NWO under grant [NWO 326-70-002] “The emergence of phonology within six generations” awarded to Bart de Boer, Paula Fikkert, and Connie de Vos, by NWO under the VENI grant [VENI 275-89-028] “The face in sign language interaction” awarded to Connie de Vos, and by ERC under the ERC Starting Grant [ELISA—852352] “Emergence of Language in Social Interaction”. Funding Information: FWO-NWO under grant [NWO 326-70-002] ?The emergence of phonology within six generations? awarded to Bart de Boer, Paula Fikkert, and Connie de Vos, by NWO under the VENI grant [VENI 275-89-028] ?The face in sign language interaction? awarded to Connie de Vos, and by ERC under the ERC Starting Grant [ELISA?852352] ?Emergence of Language in Social Interaction?.We thank all the Kata Kolok signers that have contributed to the Kata Kolok Corpus and have worked with us in documenting and describing the language through the years, in particular Ni Made Dadi Astini, Ni Made Sumarni, and I Ketut Kanta. Moreover, we are indebted to our three reviewers, who provided valuable feedback, which helped us improve the manuscript. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Date
2022-01-28
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languages_07_00023_1.pdf
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Keywords
Gesture, Grammaticalization, Kata Kolok, Language change, Language emergence, Negation, Nonmanuals
Citation
Lutzenberger, H, Pfau, R & de Vos, C 2022, 'Emergence or Grammaticalization? The Case of Negation in Kata Kolok', Languages, vol. 7, no. 1, 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages7010023